Explore the most recent data on the drug situation in Europe provided by the EU Member States. These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format.
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The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is the leading authority on illicit drugs in the European Union.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation were found in a narrative review (without meta-analysis) (Rachid, 2018, 10 clinical studies, n=195) to have:
There were some indications of positive results in safety and reduction of cocaine cravings.
Opium withdrawal presents significant symptoms, even if milder than heroin withdrawal. Pharmacologically assisted withdrawal was found to have no effect in a systematic review (Rahimi-Movaghar et al, 2018, 13 studies, N=1096) in:
Tested medications include the following (individually or combined, and/or in different dosages): baclofen, clonidine, amantadine, buprenorphine, methadone, tramadol, gabapentin, tincure of opium.
While all these may be useful in alleviating the symptoms, there is no clear evidence as to whether any of the medications is more effective than the others in the management of opium withdrawal.
Dialectical behavioural therapy was found in a comprehensive review (EMCDDA 2015) to be effective in:
